The alto clef is the principal clef used for the viola, the tenor of the string family, while the tenor clef is used for the upper register of instruments like the cello and the bassoon. C clefs are used on any line to show the position of the note known as middle C most frequently found are the alto clef, a C clef on the middle line of the stave (the group of five lines) and the tenor clef, a C clef on the second line from the top. The bass clef, otherwise known as an F clef, shows that the second line from the top is the F below middle C. The treble clef, otherwise known as a G clef, is used to show that the second line from the bottom is G. The five lines generally used in modern musical notation have no precise meaning without the addition at the left-hand side of a clef: a sign that specifies a particular note to be indicated by one of the lines, from which other notes may be gauged. In the formal opera of the first half of the 18th century, entrances and exits needed to excite interest and applause from the audience. The allocation of arias between rival singers and the necessary nature of these arias was often a matter of great importance. The aria in one form or another, as a solo set-piece, has continued to have a place in opera, but it is, essentially, a closed form, with an element of completeness in itself. Both forms of aria would include instrumental introductions, conclusions and interruptions, the so-called ritornello, and might well involve further repetition of the sections. The dal segno aria (‘from the sign’ aria) is similar to the da capo aria, except that the repetition is from a sign in the earlier part of the score, not from the beginning. This was not always dramatically suitable. Here the singer repeats the first section of an aria, with appropriate additional ornamentation, to make a three-section lyrical form, with a generally contrasted middle section. These include the da capo aria (‘from the beginning’ aria), originating in opera in the early 18th century. In opera it came to mean a separate song, usually for one voice, and distinguished, by the later 17th century, from recitative, which resembles heightened speech. The word aria is the equivalent of the English air, in its most literal meaning.
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